Marc S. Weidner
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Signed-off-by: Marc S. Weidner <msw@coresecret.dev>
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Table of Contents
1. CISS.debian.live.builder
Centurion Intelligence Consulting Agency Information Security Standard
Debian Live Build Generator for hardened live environment and CISS Debian Installer
Master Version: 8.13
Build: V8.13.144.2025.10.16
2. Lynis Audit:
[ Lynis 3.1.4 ]
################################################################################
Lynis comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software, and you are
welcome to redistribute it under the terms of the GNU General Public License.
See the LICENSE file for details about using this software.
2007-2024, CISOfy - https://cisofy.com/lynis/
Enterprise support available (compliance, plugins, interface and tools)
################################################################################
[+] Initializing program
------------------------------------
- Detecting OS... [ DONE ]
- Checking profiles... [ DONE ]
---------------------------------------------------
Program version: 3.1.4
Operating system: Linux
Operating system name: Debian
Operating system version: 12
Kernel version: 6.12.22+bpo
Hardware platform: x86_64
Hostname: live
---------------------------------------------------
Profiles: /etc/lynis/default.prf
Log file: /var/log/lynis.log
Report file: /var/log/lynis-report.dat
Report version: 1.0
Plugin directory: /usr/share/lynis/plugins
---------------------------------------------------
Auditor: Centurion_Intelligence_Consulting_Agency
Language: en
Test category: all
Test group: all
---------------------------------------------------
- Program update status... [ NO UPDATE ]
[+] System tools
------------------------------------
- Scanning available tools...
- Checking system binaries...
[+] Plugins (phase 1)
------------------------------------
Note: plugins have more extensive tests and may take several minutes to complete
- Plugins enabled [ NONE ]
[+] Boot and services
------------------------------------
- Service Manager [ systemd ]
- Checking UEFI boot [ ENABLED ]
- Checking Secure Boot [ DISABLED ]
- Boot loader [ NONE FOUND ]
- Check running services (systemctl) [ DONE ]
Result: found 17 running services
- Check enabled services at boot (systemctl) [ DONE ]
Result: found 24 enabled services
- Check startup files (permissions) [ OK ]
- Running 'systemd-analyze security'
Unit name (exposure value) and predicate
--------------------------------
- auditd.service (value=8.7) [ EXPOSED ]
- chrony.service (value=3.5) [ PROTECTED ]
- clamav-daemon.service (value=3.5) [ PROTECTED ]
- cron.service (value=9.6) [ UNSAFE ]
- dbus.service (value=9.6) [ UNSAFE ]
- dm-event.service (value=9.5) [ UNSAFE ]
- emergency.service (value=9.5) [ UNSAFE ]
- fail2ban.service (value=6.5) [ MEDIUM ]
- getty@tty1.service (value=9.6) [ UNSAFE ]
- haveged.service (value=3.0) [ PROTECTED ]
- ifup@ens3.service (value=9.5) [ UNSAFE ]
- ifup@ens4.service (value=9.5) [ UNSAFE ]
- lvm2-lvmpolld.service (value=9.5) [ UNSAFE ]
- polkit.service (value=9.6) [ UNSAFE ]
- rc-local.service (value=9.6) [ UNSAFE ]
- rescue.service (value=9.5) [ UNSAFE ]
- rsyslog.service (value=9.6) [ UNSAFE ]
- ssh.service (value=9.6) [ UNSAFE ]
- systemd-ask-password-console.service (value=9.4) [ UNSAFE ]
- systemd-ask-password-wall.service (value=9.4) [ UNSAFE ]
- systemd-fsckd.service (value=9.5) [ UNSAFE ]
- systemd-initctl.service (value=9.4) [ UNSAFE ]
- systemd-journald.service (value=4.3) [ PROTECTED ]
- systemd-logind.service (value=2.8) [ PROTECTED ]
- systemd-networkd.service (value=2.6) [ PROTECTED ]
- systemd-udevd.service (value=7.1) [ MEDIUM ]
- unattended-upgrades.service (value=9.6) [ UNSAFE ]
- usbguard-dbus.service (value=9.6) [ UNSAFE ]
- usbguard.service (value=2.8) [ PROTECTED ]
- user@0.service (value=9.8) [ UNSAFE ]
- uuidd.service (value=5.8) [ MEDIUM ]
[+] Kernel
------------------------------------
- Checking default runlevel [ runlevel 5 ]
- Checking CPU support (NX/PAE)
CPU support: PAE and/or NoeXecute supported [ FOUND ]
- Checking kernel version and release [ DONE ]
- Checking kernel type [ DONE ]
- Checking loaded kernel modules [ DONE ]
Found 84 active modules
- Checking Linux kernel configuration file [ FOUND ]
- Checking default I/O kernel scheduler [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking for available kernel update [ OK ]
- Checking core dumps configuration
- configuration in systemd conf files [ DEFAULT ]
- configuration in /etc/profile [ DEFAULT ]
- 'hard' configuration in /etc/security/limits.conf [ DISABLED ]
- 'soft' configuration in /etc/security/limits.conf [ DISABLED ]
- Checking setuid core dumps configuration [ DISABLED ]
- Check if reboot is needed [ NO ]
[+] Memory and Processes
------------------------------------
- Checking /proc/meminfo [ FOUND ]
- Searching for dead/zombie processes [ NOT FOUND ]
- Searching for IO waiting processes [ NOT FOUND ]
- Search prelink tooling [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] Users, Groups and Authentication
------------------------------------
- Administrator accounts [ OK ]
- Unique UIDs [ OK ]
- Consistency of group files (grpck) [ OK ]
- Unique group IDs [ OK ]
- Unique group names [ OK ]
- Password file consistency [ OK ]
- Password hashing methods [ OK ]
- Password hashing rounds (minimum) [ CONFIGURED ]
- Query system users (non daemons) [ DONE ]
- NIS+ authentication support [ NOT ENABLED ]
- NIS authentication support [ NOT ENABLED ]
- Sudoers file(s) [ FOUND ]
- Permissions for directory: /etc/sudoers.d [ OK ]
- Permissions for: /etc/sudoers [ OK ]
- Permissions for: /etc/sudoers.d/README [ OK ]
- Permissions for: /etc/sudoers.d/live [ OK ]
- PAM password strength tools [ OK ]
- PAM configuration files (pam.conf) [ FOUND ]
- PAM configuration files (pam.d) [ FOUND ]
- PAM modules [ FOUND ]
- LDAP module in PAM [ NOT FOUND ]
- Accounts without expire date [ OK ]
- Accounts without password [ OK ]
- Locked accounts [ OK ]
- User password aging (minimum) [ CONFIGURED ]
- User password aging (maximum) [ CONFIGURED ]
- Checking expired passwords [ OK ]
- Checking Linux single user mode authentication [ OK ]
- Determining default umask
- umask (/etc/profile) [ NOT FOUND ]
- umask (/etc/login.defs) [ OK ]
- LDAP authentication support [ NOT ENABLED ]
- Logging failed login attempts [ ENABLED ]
[+] Kerberos
------------------------------------
- Check for Kerberos KDC and principals [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] Shells
------------------------------------
- Checking shells from /etc/shells
Result: found 12 shells (valid shells: 12).
- Session timeout settings/tools [ FOUND ]
- Checking default umask values
- Checking default umask in /etc/bash.bashrc [ NONE ]
- Checking default umask in /etc/profile [ NONE ]
[+] File systems
------------------------------------
- Checking mount points
- Checking /home mount point [ SUGGESTION ]
- Checking /tmp mount point [ OK ]
- Checking /var mount point [ SUGGESTION ]
- Query swap partitions (fstab) [ NONE ]
- Testing swap partitions [ OK ]
- Testing /proc mount (hidepid) [ SUGGESTION ]
- Checking for old files in /tmp [ OK ]
- Checking /tmp sticky bit [ OK ]
- Checking /var/tmp sticky bit [ OK ]
- ACL support root file system [ ENABLED ]
- Mount options of / [ NON DEFAULT ]
- Mount options of /dev [ PARTIALLY HARDENED ]
- Mount options of /dev/shm [ PARTIALLY HARDENED ]
- Mount options of /run [ HARDENED ]
- Mount options of /tmp [ PARTIALLY HARDENED ]
- Total without nodev:11 noexec:13 nosuid:9 ro or noexec (W^X): 9 of total 33
- Checking Locate database [ FOUND ]
- Disable kernel support of some filesystems
- Module cramfs is blacklisted [ OK ]
- Module freevxfs is blacklisted [ OK ]
- Module hfs is blacklisted [ OK ]
- Module hfsplus is blacklisted [ OK ]
- Module jffs2 is blacklisted [ OK ]
- Module udf is blacklisted [ OK ]
[+] USB Devices
------------------------------------
- Checking usb-storage driver (modprobe config) [ DISABLED ]
- Checking USB devices authorization [ ENABLED ]
- Checking USBGuard [ FOUND ]
- Configuration [ FOUND ]
- Restore controller device state [ false ]
- Rule for controllers connected before daemon starts [ keep ]
- Rule for devices connected before daemon starts [ allow ]
- Rule for devices inserted after daemon starts [ apply-policy ]
- Rule for devices not in RuleFile [ block ]
- RuleFile [ FOUND ]
- Controllers & Devices allow [ 2 ]
- Controllers & Devices block [ 0 ]
- Controllers & Devices reject [ 0 ]
[+] Storage
------------------------------------
- Checking firewire ohci driver (modprobe config) [ DISABLED ]
[+] NFS
------------------------------------
- Check running NFS daemon [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] Name services
------------------------------------
- Searching DNS domain name [ FOUND ]
Domain name: local
- Checking /etc/hosts
- Duplicate entries in hosts file [ NONE ]
- Presence of configured hostname in /etc/hosts [ FOUND ]
- Hostname mapped to localhost [ NOT FOUND ]
- Localhost mapping to IP address [ OK ]
[+] Ports and packages
------------------------------------
- Searching package managers
- Searching dpkg package manager [ FOUND ]
- Querying package manager
- Query unpurged packages [ NONE ]
- debsums utility [ FOUND ]
- Cron job for debsums [ FOUND ]
- Checking security repository in sources.list file [ OK ]
- Checking APT package database [ OK ]
- Checking vulnerable packages (apt-get only) [ DONE ]
- Checking upgradeable packages [ NONE ]
- Checking package audit tool [ INSTALLED ]
Found: apt-get
- Toolkit for automatic upgrades (unattended-upgrade) [ FOUND ]
[+] Networking
------------------------------------
- Checking IPv6 configuration [ ENABLED ]
Configuration method [ MANUAL ]
IPv6 only [ NO ]
- Checking configured nameservers
- Testing nameservers
Nameserver: 135.181.207.105 [ OK ]
Nameserver: 89.58.62.53 [ OK ]
- Minimal of 2 responsive nameservers [ OK ]
- Checking default gateway [ DONE ]
- Getting listening ports (TCP/UDP) [ DONE ]
- Checking promiscuous interfaces [ OK ]
- Checking waiting connections [ OK ]
- Checking status DHCP client [ RUNNING ]
- Checking for ARP monitoring software [ NOT FOUND ]
- Uncommon network protocols [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] Printers and Spools
------------------------------------
- Checking cups daemon [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking lp daemon [ NOT RUNNING ]
[+] Software: e-mail and messaging
------------------------------------
[+] Software: firewalls
------------------------------------
- Checking iptables kernel module [ FOUND ]
- Checking iptables policies of chains [ FOUND ]
- Chain INPUT (table: filter, target: DROP) [ DROP ]
- Chain INPUT (table: security, target: ACCEPT) [ ACCEPT ]
- Checking for empty ruleset [ OK ]
- Checking for unused rules [ FOUND ]
- Checking host based firewall [ ACTIVE ]
[+] Software: webserver
------------------------------------
- Checking Apache [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking nginx [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] SSH Support
------------------------------------
- Checking running SSH daemon [ FOUND ]
- Searching SSH configuration [ FOUND ]
- OpenSSH option: AllowTcpForwarding [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: ClientAliveCountMax [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: ClientAliveInterval [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: FingerprintHash [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: GatewayPorts [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: IgnoreRhosts [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: LoginGraceTime [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: LogLevel [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: MaxAuthTries [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: MaxSessions [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: PermitRootLogin [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: PermitUserEnvironment [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: PermitTunnel [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: Port [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: PrintLastLog [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: StrictModes [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: TCPKeepAlive [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: UseDNS [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: X11Forwarding [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: AllowAgentForwarding [ OK ]
- OpenSSH option: AllowUsers [ FOUND ]
- OpenSSH option: AllowGroups [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] SNMP Support
------------------------------------
- Checking running SNMP daemon [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] Databases
------------------------------------
No database engines found
[+] LDAP Services
------------------------------------
- Checking OpenLDAP instance [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] PHP
------------------------------------
- Checking PHP [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] Squid Support
------------------------------------
- Checking running Squid daemon [ NOT FOUND ]
[+] Logging and files
------------------------------------
- Checking for a running log daemon [ OK ]
- Checking Syslog-NG status [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking systemd journal status [ FOUND ]
- Checking Metalog status [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking RSyslog status [ FOUND ]
- Checking RFC 3195 daemon status [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking minilogd instances [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking wazuh-agent daemon status [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking logrotate presence [ OK ]
- Checking remote logging [ NOT ENABLED ]
- Checking log directories (static list) [ DONE ]
- Checking open log files [ DONE ]
- Checking deleted files in use [ DONE ]
[+] Insecure services
------------------------------------
- Installed inetd package [ NOT FOUND ]
- Installed xinetd package [ OK ]
- xinetd status [ NOT ACTIVE ]
- Installed rsh client package [ OK ]
- Installed rsh server package [ OK ]
- Installed telnet client package [ OK ]
- Installed telnet server package [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking NIS client installation [ OK ]
- Checking NIS server installation [ OK ]
- Checking TFTP client installation [ OK ]
- Checking TFTP server installation [ OK ]
[+] Banners and identification
------------------------------------
- /etc/issue [ FOUND ]
- /etc/issue contents [ OK ]
- /etc/issue.net [ FOUND ]
- /etc/issue.net contents [ OK ]
[+] Scheduled tasks
------------------------------------
- Checking crontab and cronjob files [ DONE ]
[+] Accounting
------------------------------------
- Checking accounting information [ OK ]
- Checking sysstat accounting data [ ENABLED ]
- Checking auditd [ ENABLED ]
- Checking audit rules [ OK ]
- Checking audit configuration file [ OK ]
- Checking auditd log file [ FOUND ]
[+] Time and Synchronization
------------------------------------
- NTP daemon found: chronyd [ FOUND ]
- Checking for a running NTP daemon or client [ OK ]
[+] Cryptography
------------------------------------
- Checking for expired SSL certificates [0/139] [ NONE ]
[WARNING]: Test CRYP-7902 had a long execution: 20.445007 seconds
- Found 0 encrypted and 0 unencrypted swap devices in use. [ OK ]
- Kernel entropy is sufficient [ YES ]
- HW RNG & rngd [ NO ]
- SW prng [ YES ]
- MOR variable not found [ WEAK ]
[+] Virtualization
------------------------------------
[+] Containers
------------------------------------
[+] Security frameworks
------------------------------------
- Checking presence AppArmor [ FOUND ]
- Checking AppArmor status [ DISABLED ]
- Checking presence SELinux [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking presence TOMOYO Linux [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking presence grsecurity [ NOT FOUND ]
- Checking for implemented MAC framework [ NONE ]
[+] Software: file integrity
------------------------------------
- Checking file integrity tools
- AIDE [ FOUND ]
- AIDE config file [ FOUND ]
- AIDE database [ FOUND ]
- dm-integrity (status) [ DISABLED ]
- dm-verity (status) [ DISABLED ]
- AIDE config (Checksum) [ OK ]
- Checking presence integrity tool [ FOUND ]
[+] Software: System tooling
------------------------------------
- Checking automation tooling
- Ansible artifact [ FOUND ]
- Automation tooling [ FOUND ]
- Checking presence of Fail2ban [ FOUND ]
- Checking Fail2ban jails [ ENABLED ]
- Checking for IDS/IPS tooling [ FOUND ]
[+] Software: Malware
------------------------------------
- Checking chkrootkit [ FOUND ]
- Checking Rootkit Hunter [ FOUND ]
- Checking ClamAV scanner [ FOUND ]
- Malware software components [ FOUND ]
- Active agent [ NOT FOUND ]
- Rootkit scanner [ FOUND ]
[+] File Permissions
------------------------------------
- Starting file permissions check
File: /etc/cron.allow [ OK ]
File: /etc/crontab [ OK ]
File: /etc/group [ OK ]
File: /etc/group- [ OK ]
File: /etc/hosts.allow [ OK ]
File: /etc/hosts.deny [ OK ]
File: /etc/issue [ OK ]
File: /etc/issue.net [ OK ]
File: /etc/motd [ OK ]
File: /etc/passwd [ OK ]
File: /etc/passwd- [ OK ]
File: /etc/ssh/sshd_config [ OK ]
Directory: /root/.ssh [ OK ]
Directory: /etc/cron.d [ OK ]
Directory: /etc/cron.daily [ OK ]
Directory: /etc/cron.hourly [ OK ]
Directory: /etc/cron.weekly [ OK ]
Directory: /etc/cron.monthly [ OK ]
[+] Home directories
------------------------------------
- Permissions of home directories [ OK ]
- Ownership of home directories [ OK ]
- Checking shell history files [ OK ]
[+] Kernel Hardening
------------------------------------
- Comparing sysctl key pairs with scan profile
- dev.tty.ldisc_autoload (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- fs.protected_fifos (exp: 2) [ OK ]
- fs.protected_hardlinks (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- fs.protected_regular (exp: 2) [ OK ]
- fs.protected_symlinks (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- fs.suid_dumpable (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- kernel.core_uses_pid (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- kernel.ctrl-alt-del (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- kernel.dmesg_restrict (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- kernel.kptr_restrict (exp: 2) [ OK ]
- kernel.modules_disabled (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- kernel.perf_event_paranoid (exp: 2 3 4) [ OK ]
- kernel.randomize_va_space (exp: 2) [ OK ]
- kernel.sysrq (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- kernel.yama.ptrace_scope (exp: 1 2 3) [ OK ]
- net.core.bpf_jit_harden (exp: 2) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.all.bootp_relay (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.all.mc_forwarding (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.all.proxy_arp (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies (exp: 1) [ OK ]
- net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps (exp: 0 1) [ OK ]
- net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects (exp: 0) [ OK ]
- net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route (exp: 0) [ OK ]
[+] Hardening
------------------------------------
- Installed compiler(s) [ FOUND ]
- Installed malware scanner [ FOUND ]
- Non-native binary formats [ FOUND ]
[+] Custom tests
------------------------------------
- Running custom tests... [ NONE ]
[+] Plugins (phase 2)
------------------------------------
================================================================================
-[ Lynis 3.1.4 Results ]-
Great, no warnings
Suggestions (5):
----------------------------
* Consider hardening system services [BOOT-5264]
- Details : Run '/usr/bin/systemd-analyze security SERVICE' for each service
- Related resources
* Article: Systemd features to secure service files: https://linux-audit.com/systemd/systemd-features-to-secure-units-and-services/
* Website: https://cisofy.com/lynis/controls/BOOT-5264/
* To decrease the impact of a full /home file system, place /home on a separate partition [FILE-6310]
- Related resources
* Website: https://cisofy.com/lynis/controls/FILE-6310/
* To decrease the impact of a full /var file system, place /var on a separate partition [FILE-6310]
- Related resources
* Website: https://cisofy.com/lynis/controls/FILE-6310/
* Check iptables rules to see which rules are currently not used [FIRE-4513]
- Related resources
* Website: https://cisofy.com/lynis/controls/FIRE-4513/
* Enable logging to an external logging host for archiving purposes and additional protection [LOGG-2154]
- Related resources
* Website: https://cisofy.com/lynis/controls/LOGG-2154/
Follow-up:
----------------------------
- Show details of a test (lynis show details TEST-ID)
- Check the logfile for all details (less /var/log/lynis.log)
- Read security controls texts (https://cisofy.com)
- Use --upload to upload data to central system (Lynis Enterprise users)
================================================================================
Lynis security scan details:
Hardening index : 92 [################## ]
Tests performed : 261
Plugins enabled : 0
Components:
- Firewall [V]
- Malware scanner [V]
Scan mode:
Normal [V] Forensics [ ] Integration [ ] Pentest [ ]
Lynis modules:
- Compliance status [?]
- Security audit [V]
- Vulnerability scan [V]
Files:
- Test and debug information : /var/log/lynis.log
- Report data : /var/log/lynis-report.dat
================================================================================
Lynis 3.1.4
Auditing, system hardening, and compliance for UNIX-based systems
(Linux, macOS, BSD, and others)
2007-2024, CISOfy - https://cisofy.com/lynis/
Enterprise support available (compliance, plugins, interface and tools)
================================================================================
[TIP]: Enhance Lynis audits by adding your settings to custom.prf (see /etc/lynis/default.prf for all settings)
no tracking | no logging | no advertising | no profiling | no bullshit